![]() After the advent of the oil industry, during the second half of the nineteenth century, the term became commonly known for the liquid form of hydrocarbons. After that, the term was used in numerous manuscripts and books, such as in the treatise De Natura Fossilium, published in 1546 by the German mineralogist Georg Bauer, also known as Georgius Agricola. The origin of the term stems from monasteries in southern Italy where it was in use by the end of the first millennium as an alternative for the older term " naphtha". The word petroleum comes from Medieval Latin petroleum (literally 'rock oil'), which comes from Latin petra 'rock' (from Greek pétra πέτρα) and oleum 'oil' (from Greek élaion ἔλαιον). Etymology Fractional distillation apparatus. Production of petroleum is estimated to reach peak oil before 2035 as global economies lower dependencies on petroleum as part of climate change mitigation and a transition towards renewable energy and electrification. Oil has also been a source of internal and inter-state conflict, leading to both state-led wars and other resource conflicts. These environmental effects have direct and indirect health consequences for humans. Other negative environmental effects include direct releases, such as oil spills, and as well as air and water pollution at almost all stages of use. Extraction, refining and burning of petroleum fuels all release large quantities of greenhouse gases, so petroleum is one of the major contributors to climate change. Petroleum exploitation can be damaging to the environment and human health. Petroleum production can be extremely profitable and was critical to global economic development in the 20th century, with some countries, so-called " oil states", gaining significant economic and international power because of their control of oil production. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a vast variety of materials essential for modern life, and it is estimated that the world consumes about 100 million barrels (16 million cubic metres) each day. Products include fuels such as gasoline (petrol), diesel, kerosene and jet fuel asphalt and lubricants chemical reagents used to make plastics solvents, textiles, refrigerants, paint, synthetic rubber, fertilizers, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and thousands of others. Once extracted, oil is refined and separated, most easily by distillation, into innumerable products for direct use or use in manufacturing. Unconventional reserves such as oil sands and oil shale exist. Drilling is carried out after studies of structural geology, sedimentary basin analysis, and reservoir characterisation. Petroleum is primarily recovered by oil drilling. The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that consist of refined crude oil. Petroleum, also known as crude oil, or simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations. It continued to fall in Europe (-5.3%), with a 4.1% decline in Norway and a 7.5% drop in the UK.An oil refinery in Mina Al Ahmadi, Kuwait. It declined in Africa (-1.6%, due to a 14% fall in Nigerian production partly offset by a 11% rise in Algerian production), and in Asia (-0.9%) despite a 2.7% rise in China, production contracted in Indonesia (-7%), Malaysia (-8.6%) and Thailand (-19%). Despite Western sanctions, crude oil production continued to increase by 2.1% in Russia. It also increased in North America (+6.5% in the US and +2.6% in Canada) and in Latin America (+3.9%, thanks to a 3.9% growth in Brazil, while production remained stable in Mexico). Most of the increase in global oil production occurred in the Middle East (+13%), especially in Saudi Arabia (+16%), the United Arab Emirates (+15%), Kuwait (+8.1%) and Iran (+5.9% despite sanctions). In 2022, global crude oil production increased by a record 5.4% rate, much above its 2021 growth (+1.6%) and its 2010-2019 average (+1.3%/year), in a context of global economic growth and progressive OPEC+ crude oil production adjustment (+0.4 mb/d each month until phasing out the 5.8 mb/d production adjustment). Global crude oil output rebounded by more than 5% in 2022, much above its historical trend.
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